• Military Personnel
• MENTAL HEALTH
• Organisation of health services

Military conflict has long been a comorbid state of the human condition. Over the last two centuries, technological advancements have led to a dramatic increase in both the lethality of weapon systems and combat casualties. Military personnel in the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, the Korean Conflict, the Vietnam War and others suffered tremendously high casualty rates on the battlefield.1 Over the last 20 years, most military conflict has temporarily shifted from large-scale combat operations (LSCO) between two foes of relatively equal strength to asymmetric operations, primarily coalition security and peacekeeping operations, such as in Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria.2 A generation of military planners has grown up with assumptions of airspace dominance, ‘the golden hour’ and adequate medical assets.2 3 Unfortunately, increasing tensions between global powers have reminded the world that LSCO and widespread military conflicts are more likely to arise in the future, and recent international conflict in Europe has demonstrated that many reflexes gained over the last 20 years will not be applicable in these LSCO environments.4 …