Author and year of publication | Conflict | Cases | Fracture treatment | Average time to union (weeks) | Fracture union rate (%) |
Albee and Weigel 191939 | World War I | 48 | BG and IF | NS | 85 |
Bulkley and Sinclair 191927 | World War I | 131 | NO (suspension and traction) | NS | 77.1 |
Smith 192040 | World War I | 152 | NO (suspension and traction) | NS | 88.8 |
Cleveland 194641 | World War II | 3190 | NO (suspension and traction) | NS | 82 |
Hampton 194642 | World War II | 332 | NS | 40 | 88.3 |
Soto-Hall and Horwitz 194643 | World War II | 163 | NO; IF | NS | 87 |
Bishop et al 194717 | World War II | 358 | BG and IF | 20 | 88.8 |
Witschi and Omer 197022 | Vietnam War | 84 | NO (casting); BG | 20 | 100 |
Ronen et al 197444 | Israel–Palestine conflict | 5 | EF | 7.8 | 80 |
Calderwood 197526 | Northern Ireland conflict | 151 | NO (casting±skeletal traction) | NS | 90.9 |
Weinberg et al 197923 | Israel–Palestine conflict | 4 | BG | 74.8 | 100 |
Zinman and Reis 198445 | Lebanon War | 45 | EF | NS | 91.1 |
Reis et al 199146 | Israel–Palestine conflict | 110 | EF | 19.7 | 84.5 |
Bhatnagar et al 199247 | Afghanistan civil war | 385 | NS | NS | 88.8 |
Nicholas and McCoy 199548 | Northern Ireland conflict | 12 | IF | 23.9 | 92.8 |
Keller 199549 | Sudanese civil war | 37 | NO (casting±skeletal traction); EF | 60 | 81.1 |
Has et al 199550 | Croatian War of Independence | 215 | EF | NS | 90.2 |
Pukljak 199751 | Croatian War of Independence | 196 | EF±minimal osteosynthesis* | 28 | 96.9 |
Atesalp et al 199852 | Kurdish–Turkish conflict | 43 | EF | 217.2 | 93 |
Atesalp et al 200253 | Kurdish–Turkish conflict | 142 | EF | NS | 93.8 |
Busić 200624 | Croatian War of Independence | 35 | IF; EF | NS | 100 |
Lerner et al 200654 | Israel–Palestine conflict | 47 | EF | 34.8 | 90.6 |
Johnson et al 20071 | Iraq War and Afghanistan War | 35 | NS | NS | 85.7 |
Weil et al 200755 | Israel–Palestine conflict | 117 | NO (casting); IF; EF | NS | 87 |
Kuklo et al 200819 | Iraq War | 129 | IF (+bone grafting or BMP); EF | NS | 83.7 |
Keeling et al 200818 | Iraq War and Afghanistan War | 38 | EF (±bone grating or BMP) | 31.57 | 92.1 |
Mathieu et al 201125 | Iraq War, Afghanistan War, Kosovo war and Ivory Coast civil war | 16 | EF | 26 | 100 |
Cicvaric et al 201156 | Croatian War of Independence | 55 | EF | 50.4 | 89 |
Penn-Barwell et al 201320 | Iraq War and Afghanistan War | 30 | NO; IF; EF | NS | 50 |
Alhammoud et al 201957 | Syrian civil war | 404 | EF | 21.8 | 68.3 |
*Minimal osteosynthesis refers to the osseous fusion of the fibula to the distal tibia.
BG, bone grafting; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; EF, external fixation; IF, internal fixation; NO, non-operative; NS, not specified.