Lead author, year | Background
| Subject (n) | Test agents | Survival (%) | Initial haemostasis achieved | Rebleeding |
Wedmore et al
24
2006 | Review of combat usage by US SOF in Iraq and Afghanistan. Application time and pressure not given.
| 64 | HCG (n=64) | – | 97% | 1.5% |
Brown et al
25
2007 | Case series of paramedic use. Application time and pressure ‘not standardised’
| 34 | HCG (n=34) | – | 79% (27/34) 6/7 failures attributed to user error | – |
Cox et al
26
2009 | Retrospective case series of battlefield/field hospital uses of HemCon and QuikClot from notes. Application time and pressure not given. 34 patients treated in ED; 8 on the battlefield
| 41 | HCG (n=40) | 95 | >95% | – |
Ran et al
27
2010 | 14 uses of QuikClot from the battlefield. Application followed by a ‘regular dressing and pressure’
| 14 | QCG (n=14) | 93 (though not explicitly stated) | 79% (11/14) | – |
Pozza et al
28
2011 | 21 soldiers with gunshots treated with Celox at a field hospital. Celox applied followed by gauze and pressure for 2 min
| 21 | Cx (n=21) | – | 86% (18/21) | – |
King and Schreiber29
2011 | 2 case reports, one from battlefield IED explosion, one civilian multiple gunshot wounds. Application time and pressure not given
| 2 | MRDH (n=2) | 100% | 100% | – |
Tan and Bleeker30
2011 | Review of use of Celox in Netherlands (HEMS) and Afghanistan. After application, manual pressure applied for 5 min then covered with an occlusive bandage. 3 prehospital; 4 battlefield
| 7 | Cx (n=7) | – | 86% (6/7) | – |
King31
2011 | Review of usage by surgical team in a forward operating theatre in Iraq. Application time and pressure not given
| 19 | MRDH (n=19) | – | 84% | 19% |
Travers et al
32
2016 | 30 uses of QuikClot QCG by prehospital clinical teams. Application time and pressure not given
| 30 | QCG (n=30) | 80 | 93% | 73% |
Shina et al
33
2015 | 122 cases from battlefield injuries. Application time and pressure not given
| 122 | QCG (n=122) | 93.2 | 90.7% | – |
Hatamabadi et al
34
2015 | RCT of Celox versus standard gauze in prehospital penetrating limb trauma. Application time and pressure not given
| 160 | Cx (n=80) SG (n=80) | – | 61.2% 38.8% (haemostasis in <5 min) | – |
.Cx, Celox; ED, emergency department; HCG, HemCon Chitogauze/Chitoflex/RTS; HEMS, Helicopter Emergency Medical Services; IED, improvised explosive device; MRDH, Modified Rapid Deployment Hemostat; QCG, QuikClot Combat Gauze; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RTC, road traffic collision; SG, standard gauze; SOF, Special Operations Forces.