Table 3

Study designs and the data collection methods of individual studies (n=21)

Article	Study design			Case definition	Injury data collection method	Injury classification
Pirson and Pirlot (1990)18	Descriptive	Prospective	Case series*	–	–	–
Linenger et al (1993)19	Descriptive	Prospective	Case series*	Medical attention	Primary data, medical consults	ICD-9, reported codes used
Shwayhat et al (1994)20	Analytical	Prospective	Case–control*	Medical attention, overuse injuries only	Primary data, medical consults and survey	ICD-9†
Kragh et al (1996)22	Descriptive	Prospective	Case series*	Time loss, ankle injuries only	Primary data, medical consults	–
Miser et al (1995)21	Descriptive	Retrospective	Case series*	All complaints‡	Primary data, face-to-face interview	–
Ensign et al (2000)24	Descriptive	–	Cross-sectional*	All complaints‡	Primary data, survey	–
Schumacher et al (2000)23	Analytical	Retrospective	Cohort*	Time loss	Secondary data, sick call and ED	–
Kotwal et al (2004)25	Descriptive	Prospective	Case series*	Medical attention, parachuting injuries only	Primary data, medical consults	–
Hughes and Weinrauch (2008)26	Analytical	Retrospective	Case–control*	Medical attention‡	Secondary data, medical documents	–
Lynch and Pallis (2008)37	Descriptive	Retrospective	Case series*	Medical attention	Secondary data, EHS	ICD-9-CM†
Hollingsworth (2009)28	Descriptive	–	Cross-sectional*	All complaints‡	Primary data, survey	–
Reynolds et al (2009)27	Analytical	Prospective	Cohort*	Medical attention	Secondary data, medical documents	–
Abt et al (2014)29	Descriptive	–	Cross-sectional*	Time loss	Primary data, survey	–
Teyhen et al (2015)30	Analytical	Prospective	Prognostic	All complaints	Primary data, survey and secondary from EHS	ICD-9†
Lovalekar et al (2016)31	Descriptive	Retrospective	Case series	Medical attention	Secondary data, medical documents	–
Heebner et al (2017)34	Analytical	Prospective	Cohort*	Medical attention	Secondary data, medical documents	ICD-9-CM†
Lovalekar et al (2017)32	Descriptive	–	Cross-sectional	All complaints	Primary data, survey and secondary data, medical documents	–
Lovalekar et al (2017)33	Descriptive	–	Cross-sectional	Medical attention	Secondary data, medical documents	–
Lovalekar et al (2018)35	Descriptive	–	Cross-sectional	Medical attention	Secondary data, EHS	–
Teyhen et al (2018)36	Analytical	Prospective	Cohort	All complaints	Primary data, survey and secondary, EHS	ICD-9 (700–900 codes)
Dijksma et al (2020)17	Descriptive	Retrospective	Case series*	Medical attention	Secondary data, EHS	ICPC-2 L codes

*Specific study design not reported, implied by manuscript.
†Codes not reported; (–) data were not reported.
‡Definition not explicitly reported, implied from the manuscript.
EHS, electronic health system; ICD, International Classification of Disease; ICPC, International Classification of Primary Care.